6 Components. One Intelligent System.
Every hardware component serves a precise function. Rotate the 3D model above to see how they connect.
ESP32 Microcontroller
BRAINDual-core 240MHz processor with built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. Reads sensor data every 500ms and triggers relay decisions autonomously.
Soil Moisture Sensors
SENSORSCapacitive sensors buried at root depth. Return 0–100% relative moisture values with ±2% accuracy, eliminating corrosion issues of resistive sensors.
Relay Module
CONTROL5V 4-channel relay board switching 220V AC water pump. Opto-isolated control prevents ESP32 damage from inductive spikes.
Water Pump + Pipes
DELIVERYSubmersible 6V DC pump delivering 1.2 L/min through 8mm PVC tubing to overhead micro-sprinkler nozzles spaced 30cm apart.
LCD 16×2 Display
DISPLAYI2C-connected LCD shows real-time moisture percentage, pump status, and system mode. Updates every 1 second with live sensor data.
Overhead Sprinklers
OUTPUTMisting nozzles mounted on 2mm brass fittings at 140cm height. 120° spray angle covers full 60×40cm grow bed uniformly.
Measured Results. Verified in Lab.
All metrics recorded during 72-hour continuous operation test at controlled temperature (22°C, 60% RH).
Sense → Decide → Irrigate
Sense
Soil reads every 500ms
Capacitive soil moisture sensors buried at 5cm root depth continuously sample soil dielectric permittivity. The ESP32 ADC reads 0–4095 raw values, mapped to 0–100% moisture via calibration curve established with oven-dry and saturated soil samples.
Decide
Logic in 12ms
When moisture drops below the 40% threshold, the ESP32 firmware sets GPIO pin HIGH, triggering the relay module. The relay switches the 5V pump circuit closed. LCD updates within one display refresh cycle (1 second). If moisture exceeds 75%, pump stops automatically.
Irrigate
Precision water delivery
The 6V DC submersible pump draws water from a 2L reservoir through 8mm PVC tubing to three overhead misting nozzles. Each nozzle sprays a 120° cone at 0.4 L/min flow rate. The system delivers precisely calibrated water volume — stopping when soil moisture returns to optimal range.